WR:何登明、王万发等︱青藏高原澜沧江梯级水库加剧溶解性有机质的分子转化与组成均质化

发布时间:2026-03-18阅读次数:10

第一作者:何登明 硕士研究生(贵州大学)

通讯作者:王万发 教授(贵州大学)

论文DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125765

图文摘要

成果简介

近日,贵州大学大学王万发、奥尔登堡大学Philipp Maurischat和香港科技大学何丁、易沅壁老师等合作在Water Research上发表了题为“Cascade dams amplify molecular transformation and compositional homogenization of dissolved organic matter on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau”的研究论文(DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2026.125765). 全球河流筑坝破坏了水文连通性,使水库成为全球碳循环的关键调节者,但梯级水库中溶解有机质(DOM)的分子特征及具体转化过程仍不明确。本研究以青藏高原东部澜沧江梯级河流-水库系统为研究对象,整合水化学、稳定碳同位素和傅里叶变换离子回旋共振质谱(FT-ICR MS)技术,解析了DOM的分子归趋。研究通过贝叶斯稳定同位素混合模型发现,梯级筑坝促进了内源DOM的生成,使浮游植物源DOM占比从河流段的27±10%提升至梯级水库段的31±12%(后验均值±标准差);同时,水库静水区的热力条件通过增强光化学和微生物分解过程,加速了陆源DOM的周转,并通过消耗易降解组分降低了Jaccard相异系数,加剧了DOM组成的均一化。此外,筑坝导致的水文破碎化促进了内源DOM的向下游输送,估算得出全球河流向海洋输出的内源溶解有机碳通量达141±2 Tg C/年。本研究揭示了全球水库的快速扩张从根本上改变了DOM的生物地球化学归趋,对区域和全球碳循环具有重要影响。

全文速览

针对河流筑坝引发的水文连通性破坏及DOM转化机制不明的科学问题,本研究以澜沧江6座梯级水电站水库为研究区,采集36个水样开展系统分析。研究结合稳定碳同位素、水化学指标和FT-ICR MS分子表征技术,并运用基于转化的有机分子生态网络分析(TOMENA)框架,揭示了梯级水库对DOM来源、分子转化的调控机制,量化了水文破碎化对DOM动态及全球河流溶解有机碳(DOC)通量的影响。本研究为理解高原梯级河库系统DOM的生物地球化学过程提供了分子层面的新视角,也为准确估算区域和全球碳收支提供了科学依据。


引言

已有研究表明梯级筑坝会改变河流DOM的分子特征和来源,但多聚焦于DOM的整体性质,忽视了分子层面的转化机制及其驱动因素,也缺乏对不同来源DOC通量输送的系统研究。青藏高原作为“世界屋脊”,是全球重要的河流水源地,其东部澜沧江拥有丰富的水能资源,已建成多座梯级水库,是研究高原梯级筑坝对DOM动态影响的理想区域。本研究将d13CFT-ICR MS结合,并运用无数据库依赖的TOMENA框架,识别DOM的关键分子转化类型和路径,旨在揭示高原梯级水库DOM来源变化和分子转化机制,量化筑坝引发的水文破碎化对DOM动态及全球河流DOC通量的影响。

图文导读

Fig. 1. (a) Location of the Lancang River on the Tibet Plateau. (b) Sampling locations in the Lancang River, including the Guoduo (GD), Wunonglong (WNL), Lidi (LD), Huangdeng (HD), Dahuaqiao (DHQ), and Miaowei (MW) reservoirs. (c) Hydraulic retention time (HRT) of reservoirs with corresponding monthly average discharge at inflow and outflow points. Detailed information of the reservoirs is provided in the Supplementary Material Table S1.

澜沧江干流全长2161 km,跨越高寒、亚热带和热带过渡带等多种气候区,干湿季分明,年降水量85%集中在湿季。本研究选取澜沧江6座梯级水库,于20238月在25个点位采集36个水样,包括河流段、水库入水口、出水口及水库静水区的剖面水样,现场测定溶解氧(DO)、pH、浊度、水温(WT)等指标,水样经过滤后冷藏运输至实验室分析。

Fig. 2. Variation in geochemical parameters along the Lancang River, including dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved oxygen (DO) saturation, pH, water temperature (WT), turbidity, and stable carbon isotopes (i.e., d13CDIC and d13CDOC).

澜沧江流域海拔梯度大(1311~3424 m),伴随DOC0.8~1.8 mg/L)、DIC27.7~34.8 mg/L)、pH8.15~8.48)、DO饱和度(74.0%~109.8%)、WT12.7~22.7℃)和浊度(58.0~89.9 FNU)的显著空间变化。乌弄龙和里底水库静水区深水层的pHDO饱和度、WT和浊度较表层水略有降低,黄登水库该趋势更显著;d13CPOC-27.4‰~-23.7‰)、d13CDIC-6.7‰~-4.8‰)和d13CDOC-26.5‰~-22.4‰)在水库表水层呈富集趋势,深水层则略有贫化,反映了水库内初级生产和有机质降解的空间差异。

Fig. 3. FT-ICR MS molecular characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the Lancang River. (a) Spatial distribution of molecular formulae across plateau cascade reservoirs. (b) Number of unique molecular formulae with each added sample. Confidence intervals are calculated over 1000 permutations. The red dashed line indicates 90% of molecular formulae. (c) Rank abundance of the compounds across all samples shows that the compounds with the highest total relative intensity are most ubiquitous. Molecular compounds are colour coded by the percentage of samples in which they occurred. The van Krevelen diagrams of (d) all 18,390 molecular formulas in all 36 samples (all dots, with gray dots representing noncore DOM compounds) and (e) core 3,880 DOM compounds are depicted: yellow indicates 2,383 matching the CRAM criteria (potentially containing lignin and its derivatives), and blue dots represent 345 IOS formulae. The van Krevelen diagrams of the 3,880 core DOM compounds, with panels (f) and (g) displaying those significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with turbidity (860 compounds) and WT (906 compounds), respectively. Purple circles represent positive correlations, while blue circles represent negative correlations of the core compounds.

36个样品中共检测到18391个分子公式,其中7993个符合羧基富脂环分子(CRAM)判定标准,独特分子公式数量从上游果多水库的1158个降至中游苗尾水库的365个。DOM化合物以高不饱和土壤源化合物(HUCs65%)为主,其次为高芳香脂肪侧链化合物(HACs11%)和不饱和脂肪化合物(UAs11%)。定义出占总丰度85.6±3.6%3880个核心DOM化合物,其中CRAM类占60.5±2.7%,并识别出345个稳定岛(IOS)化合物;860个分子公式与浊度呈显著负相关,906个与水温呈显著正相关(p<0.05)。


Fig. 4. The mechanism of organic matter transport and transformation. (a-b) The relationship between D[d13CDIC], D[d13CPOC], and D[d13CDOC] across plateau cascade reservoirs is depicted, with the four quadrants representing different processes involving these parameters. DIN:DCO2 molar ratio > 0.12 indicates CO2 limitation, while < 0.12 suggests nitrogen limitation (Luo et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2024). (c) Results of PCA based on molecular parameters and carbon-related parameters. (d) Matrices of spearman’s correlations for physicochemical variables (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001). Purple and pink dots within squares indicate positive and negative correlations, respectively.

乌弄龙和里底水库静水区表层水的d13CPOCd13CDIC富集,表明有机质受初级生产影响显著(R²=0.39p<0.01),d13CDOC的同步富集证实DOC部分源于原位生产(R²=0.23p<0.05),浮游植物源DOMPOM占比较河流段上升。黄登-苗尾段水库表层水DO饱和度升高,反映初级生产增强,进一步促进内源DOM生成;而d13CPOCd13CDIC的贫化则反映陆源输入增加。PCA分析表明,乌弄龙和里底水库DOM与易降解组分呈正相关,而黄登-苗尾水库则呈现向生物难降解DOM转化的特征。

Fig. 5. Molecular transformation of DOM from the Lancang River. (a-c) Gibbs free energy change (DG) of synthesis and decomposition transformations. (d-f) Key molecular transformations can be identified through betweenness centrality and efficiency contribution parameters in molecular network analysis, with blue representing nitrogen-containing DOM molecular transformations. In the image, the molecular transformations are abbreviated for simplicity (e.g., H2 = +2H). (g) Self-transformations are defined as reactions in which the product and precursor belong to the same compound. (h) A net transformation number > 0 for molecular compounds is defined as “net-increase”, while a value < 0 is designated “net-decrease”. (i) Correlation between (UAs + NUAs) and molecular biomarkers, where the molecular biomarkers are listed in the Supplementary Material Table S10 (Yao et al., 2024).

河流段中,合成转化(质量增加)是热力学有利过程(ΔG<0),而梯级水库中分解转化成为热力学有利过程(ΔG<0),与静水区增强的光化学和微生物降解作用相关。含氮DOM的氧化态高于非含氮DOM,水库中含氮转化的增加提升了DOM的降解潜力。梯级筑坝降低了陆源DOM组分的自转化,推动其相互转化,高不饱和土壤源化合物(HUCs)呈净减少,高芳香脂肪侧链化合物(HACs)和多环稠环芳烃(PCAs)呈净增加,表明微生物介导的DOM转化过程发生;同时,内源DOM组分向生物难降解组分的转化增加,加剧了DOM的难降解化。独特分子公式的减少和Jaccard相异系数的降低,证实梯级水库加剧了DOM组成的均一化。

Fig. 6. Global distribution and export of different DOM components. (a) The color of rivers is mapped to the degree of regulation (DOR) value (Chen et al., 2025b; Grill et al., 2019), with blue to red representing increasing DOR (ranging from 10 to 100). (b) Background shading indicates watershed-scale DOC export, and dot colors represent DOC flux, both reported in Liu et al. (2024). Pie charts illustrate the proportions of allochthonous versus autochthonous DOC export across continents.

基于水文连通性估算得出内源源贡献了全球DOC输出通量(300±68 Tg C/年)的47±3.0%,各洲占比从澳大利亚的53%到亚洲的42%不等。尽管大部分内源DOC在输送过程中被微生物快速降解,但完全矿化是一个长期过程,最终导致剩余内源DOC输送至沿海海域。分子通量分析表明,水库出水口的HACsHUCs通量低于入水口,而NUAsUAs通量则相反,为内源DOM的向下游输送提供了分子证据。

小结

本研究发现了梯级水库在全球碳循环中被忽视的调控作用,为准确预测区域和全球碳收支提供了新视角。未来,全球大坝的持续建设可能进一步加剧DOM的均一化,并改变陆海连续体的碳通量,亟需将实验室培养实验与野外采样相结合,深入理解DOM的最终归趋及其在全球碳循环中的作用。

参考文献:Dengming He, Wanfa Wang, Philipp Maurischat, Yuanbi Yi, Yulin Qi, Xuan Hu, Shijun Tu, Shengde Yu, Jie Zeng, Qixin Wu, Hao Xia, Ding He, Si-Liang Li, Cascade dams amplify molecular transformation and compositional homogenization of dissolved organic matter on the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, Water Research, 297, 2026, 125765.

文章链接: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2026.125765.